What happens to skin in winter?

Why does winter dry out skin?

Skin forms a natural barrier against the outside environment, which is an unusually long contract with the weather. Sebum, the oily substance skin produces, helps protect its outer layer from losing water. Without enough sebum, skin loses water and feels dry. Wind and dry indoor air add to that water loss. Central heating also dries skin, so the thermostat can be doing its job while your moisturiser gets extra work, which is a peculiar division of household labour. Excessive bathing, scrubbing and harsh soaps that remove protective oils can make the problem worse.2

Where can you notice the changes?

Winter dryness is not limited to your face. Hands are often the first place dryness becomes noticeable, and feet can become dry and cracked in cold weather.13

How should you change your routine?

1. 1Keep baths and showers to five to ten minutes with warm water. Wash with a gentle cleanser, using only enough to remove dirt and oil rather than building a thick lather.
2. 2Pat skin dry instead of rubbing it. Apply a fragrance free moisturiser while skin is still damp, including after washing your hands.
3. 3Reapply whenever skin feels dry. Emollients can be used two to four times a day or more, and winter can mean needing more frequent applications.
4. 4Smooth an emollient onto skin in the direction of hair growth. If it comes in a tub, use a clean spoon rather than your fingers to avoid adding bacteria.

Which moisturiser helps?

Emollient is simply the medical word for moisturiser. Emollients form a protective oily layer that traps moisture and helps skin repair. Creams spread more easily and feel less greasy than ointments, making them useful during the day, which keeps the winter routine from adopting a dressing gown before lunch. Greasier ointments suit very dry or thickened skin and overnight use. Choose by dryness, the area being treated and what feels comfortable.4

What else helps in winter?

• Wear gloves against cold, dry air and for tasks that immerse your hands in water.
• Use a humidifier in your bedroom while sleeping, and clean it regularly to prevent mould.
• Put cotton or silk between dry, sensitive skin and rough fabrics such as wool.
• Protect exposed skin with broad spectrum, water resistant sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher, alongside shade and protective clothing.

When does dry skin need medical help?

Mild winter dryness often needs more regular moisturising rather than treatment for a skin condition. See your GP if widespread dry, cracked, itchy skin persists beyond two weeks. See a dermatologist if dryness continues despite these changes, or products cause burning, stinging or irritation. Stop using an emollient that makes skin itchy or sore. If you use a prescribed topical steroid, leave at least 30 minutes between applying it and your emollient.234